SAP expert series, part 6

SAP Field and Data Element Catalog

A searchable catalog of 221 SAP fields with type, length, meaning, the tables that carry them, and how each one supports SFIS, SLOA, GTAS, or audit testing.

3

Numbered tables

Searchable catalog

1. Scope and how to use this catalog

In SAP a field on a table is typed by a data element, and the data element is typed by a domain. The same field name usually means the same thing in every table. Learning about two hundred field names lets an analyst read most financial and logistics tables without documentation. This catalog lists 221 of them.

  • Type and length are the ECC 6.0 values. CHAR is character, NUMC is numeric text with leading zeros, DATS is a date stored as YYYYMMDD, CURR is an amount tied to a currency field, QUAN is a quantity tied to a unit field, CUKY is a currency key, UNIT is a unit of measure.
  • Amounts are stored without sign in most document tables. The debit or credit indicator (SHKZG, DRCRK, BEKNZ) gives the sign. Ledger tables such as FAGLFLEXA, ACDOCA, and FM tables store signed amounts.
  • Document numbers are stored with leading zeros. A purchase order shown as 4500001234 is stored that way, and a ten-digit accounting document shown as 100000012 is stored as 0100000012.
  • The same business object can have several field names. Fund is GEBER on line items, FINCODE in the master, FONDS in FM line items, and RFUND in ledgers. The catalog lists each.
  • The last column states the reporting or audit use, including the SFIS or SLOA element the field usually supports. The mapping is representative. Each program defines its own.

2. The catalog

Table SD-1SAP fields by area
221 shown
FieldAreaType and lengthMeaningMain tablesReporting or audit use
MANDTBCCLNT 3Clientevery client-dependent tableNot reported. Filter on it in every direct query.
BUKRSFICHAR 4Company codeBKPF, BSEG, T001, EKKO, ANLAReporting entity boundary
GJAHRFINUMC 4Fiscal yearBKPF, BSEG, FMIFIIT, RBKPGTAS fiscal year
MONATFINUMC 2Fiscal periodBKPFGTAS reporting period
BELNRFICHAR 10Accounting document numberBKPF, BSEG, BSIS, BSIKUniverse of transactions key
BUZEIFINUMC 3Line item number within the accounting documentBSEG, BSISUniverse of transactions key
BLARTFICHAR 2Document typeBKPF, T003Separates system postings from manual journals
BLDATFIDATS 8Document dateBKPFSource document date for cutoff tests
BUDATFIDATS 8Posting dateBKPF, MKPF, RBKPPeriod assignment
CPUDTFIDATS 8Entry dateBKPFTimeliness of recording
CPUTMFITIMS 6Entry timeBKPFTimeliness of recording
USNAMFICHAR 12User who entered the documentBKPFPreparer for journal testing
TCODEFICHAR 20Transaction code usedBKPFHow the posting was made
AWTYPFICHAR 5Reference procedure: type of source objectBKPFPath to the source document
AWKEYFICHAR 20Object key of the source documentBKPFPath to the source document
XBLNRFICHAR 16Reference document numberBKPF, RBKP, MKPFVendor invoice number, contract or interface reference
BKTXTFICHAR 25Document header textBKPFFree text. Often holds interface identifiers.
STBLGFICHAR 10Reversal document numberBKPFLinks a reversal to its original
STGRDFICHAR 2Reason for reversalBKPFReversal analysis
WAERSFICUKY 5Document currencyBKPF, EKKOForeign currency activity
KURSFFIDEC 9,5Exchange rateBKPFForeign currency activity
BSTATFICHAR 1Document status: normal, parked, noted, statisticalBKPFExclude parked and noted items from balances
XREVERSALFICHAR 1Reversal indicatorBKPFReversal analysis
LDGRPFICHAR 4Ledger groupBKPFLedger-specific postings
BSCHLFICHAR 2Posting keyBSEGDebit or credit and account type
KOARTFICHAR 1Account type: S G/L, K vendor, D customer, A asset, M materialBSEGSubledger identification
SHKZGFICHAR 1Debit/credit indicator: S debit, H creditBSEG, MSEG, EKBEGTAS debit credit indicator
DMBTRFICURR 13,2Amount in local currencyBSEG, MSEG, EKBETrial balance amount
WRBTRFICURR 13,2Amount in document currencyBSEG, RSEGSource document amount
HKONTFICHAR 10G/L accountBSEG, BSISDoD Standard Chart of Accounts account
SAKNRFICHAR 10G/L account number in master dataSKA1, SKB1DoD Standard Chart of Accounts account
KTOPLFICHAR 4Chart of accountsT004, SKA1Chart identification
XBILKFICHAR 1Balance sheet account flagSKA1Carryforward behavior
MITKZFICHAR 1Reconciliation account typeSKB1Subledger control account
XOPVWFICHAR 1Open item management flagSKB1Clearing behavior
UMSKZFICHAR 1Special G/L indicator: down payments, guaranteesBSEG, BSIK, BSIDAdvances and prepayments
ZUONRFICHAR 18Assignment numberBSEG, BSISSort and clearing key
SGTXTFICHAR 50Line item textBSEGFree text support
AUGBLFICHAR 10Clearing document numberBSEG, BSAK, BSADPayment and clearing trace
AUGDTFIDATS 8Clearing dateBSEG, BSAK, BSADAging and payment timing
ZFBDTFIDATS 8Baseline date for due date calculationBSEGPrompt Payment Act due date
ZTERMFICHAR 4Terms of payment keyBSEG, LFB1, EKKOPrompt Payment Act terms
ZLSCHFICHAR 1Payment methodBSEG, LFB1, REGUHEFT, check, IPAC
ZLSPRFICHAR 1Payment blockBSEGBlocked invoices
MWSKZFICHAR 2Tax codeBSEGTax reporting
VBUNDFICHAR 6Trading partner company IDBSEG, LFA1, KNA1SFIS trading partner. GTAS trading partner agency identifier.
GSBERFICHAR 4Business areaBSEGSub-entity balance sheets
PRCTRFICHAR 10Profit centerBSEG, CEPCSegment reporting
SEGMENTFICHAR 10Segment for segmental reportingFAGLFLEXA, ACDOCASegment reporting
RLDNRFICHAR 2LedgerFAGLFLEXA, ACDOCA, FMITLeading ledger versus reporting ledgers
RACCTFICHAR 10Account number in ledger tablesFAGLFLEXA, ACDOCADoD Standard Chart of Accounts account
HSLFICURR 17,2Amount in local currency in ledger tablesFAGLFLEXA, ACDOCATrial balance amount
DRCRKFICHAR 1Debit/credit indicator in ledger tablesFAGLFLEXA, ACDOCAGTAS debit credit indicator
POPERFINUMC 3Posting period in ledger tablesFAGLFLEXA, ACDOCAGTAS reporting period
DOCLNFICHAR 6Ledger line itemFAGLFLEXA, ACDOCAUniverse of transactions key
LIFNRFICHAR 10Vendor account numberLFA1, BSEG, EKKO, RBKPPayee
KUNNRFICHAR 10Customer account numberKNA1, BSEG, VBAKReimbursable customer
KTOKKFICHAR 4Vendor account groupLFA1Vendor type: federal, commercial, employee
STCD1FICHAR 16Tax number 1LFA1, KNA1Taxpayer identification
STCEGFICHAR 20VAT registration numberLFA1Foreign vendors
BANKNFICHAR 18Bank account numberLFBKPayment file. Sensitive data.
BANKLFICHAR 15Bank key (routing number)LFBK, BNKAPayment file
SPERRFICHAR 1Central posting blockLFA1Blocked vendors
LAUFDFIDATS 8Payment run dateREGUH, REGUPPayment batch
LAUFIFICHAR 6Payment run identificationREGUH, REGUPPayment batch
VBLNRFICHAR 10Payment document numberREGUH, REGUPDisbursement document
CHECTFICHAR 13Check numberPAYRTreasury check or EFT trace number
RWBTRFICURR 13,2Amount paid in payment currencyREGUHDisbursement amount
ANLN1AACHAR 12Main asset numberANLA, ANEP, BSEGProperty record identifier
ANLN2AACHAR 4Asset subnumberANLA, ANEPProperty record identifier
ANLKLAACHAR 8Asset classANLAGeneral PP&E category
AKTIVAADATS 8Capitalization dateANLAPlaced-in-service date
DEAKTAADATS 8Deactivation dateANLADisposal date
AFABEAANUMC 2Depreciation areaANLB, ANLC, ANEPBook for financial reporting
AFASLAACHAR 4Depreciation keyANLBMethod
NDJARAANUMC 3Planned useful life in yearsANLBUseful life
KANSWAACURR 13,2Cumulative acquisition value at year startANLCAcquisition cost
KNAFAAACURR 13,2Accumulated ordinary depreciation at year startANLCAccumulated depreciation
BWASLAACHAR 3Asset transaction typeANEPAcquisition, transfer, retirement
INVNRAACHAR 25Inventory numberANLABar code or unique item identifier cross-reference
FIKRSFMCHAR 4Financial management areaFM01, FMIOI, FMIFIITBudget control scope
GEBERFMCHAR 10Fund, as an account assignment fieldBSEG, EKKN, KBLPSFIS appropriation elements A1 to A4 and A27 to A29 through the fund master
FINCODEFMCHAR 10Fund, in the fund masterFMFINCODESFIS appropriation elements through the fund master
FONDSFMCHAR 10Fund, in FM line item tablesFMIOI, FMIFIITTAS on the trial balance
RFUNDFMCHAR 10Fund, in totals and ledger tablesFMIT, FAGLFLEXATAS on the trial balance
FISTLFMCHAR 16Funds centerBSEG, EKKN, FMIOI, FMIFIIT, FMFCTRSLOA Funding Center Identifier (CA1)
FICTRFMCHAR 16Funds center, in the master tableFMFCTRSLOA Funding Center Identifier (CA1)
FIPOSFMCHAR 14Commitment item, short formBSEG, EKKNSLOA Object Class Code (B6) by derivation
FIPEXFMCHAR 24Commitment item, long formFMCI, FMIOI, FMIFIITSLOA Object Class Code (B6) by derivation
FKBERFMCHAR 16Functional areaBSEG, EKKN, FMIOI, FMIFIIT, TFKBSLOA Functional Area Identifier (CA15)
FAREAFMCHAR 16Functional area, in FM line itemsFMIOI, FMIFIITSLOA Functional Area Identifier (CA15)
MEASUREFMCHAR 24Funded programFMMEASURE, FMIOI, FMIFIITBudget Line Item or program below the fund
GRANT_NBRFMCHAR 20GrantGMGR, BSEG, FMIFIITSponsored program reporting
BUDGET_PDFMCHAR 10Budget periodFMBUDGETPD, FMIOI, FMIFIITPeriod of availability for multi-year funds
USERDIMFMCHAR 10Customer field for FM account assignmentFMIOI, FMIFIITProgram-defined
WRTTPFMCHAR 2Value type: 50 requisition, 51 order, 54 invoice, 57 payment, 65 funds commitmentFMIOI, FMIFIIT, FMITBudgetary stage
BTARTFMCHAR 4Amount type: 0100 original, 0150 change, 0200 reduction, 0300 and 0350 carryforwardFMIOI, FMIFIITObligation adjustments and liquidations
VRGNGFMCHAR 4Business transactionFMIFIIT, COEPProcess identification
FKBTRFMCURR 15,2Amount in FM area currencyFMIOI, FMIFIITBudgetary amount
TRBTRFMCURR 15,2Amount in transaction currencyFMIOI, FMIFIITBudgetary amount
ZHLDTFMDATS 8FM posting date used for period assignmentFMIOI, FMIFIITBudget year assignment
STATSFMCHAR 1Statistical indicatorFMIOI, FMIFIITExclude statistical lines from consumption
REFBNFMCHAR 10Reference document numberFMIOIRequisition, order, or earmarked funds number
REFBTFMCHAR 3Reference document categoryFMIOI010 requisition, 020 order, other values for earmarked funds categories
RFPOSFMNUMC 5Reference document itemFMIOIOrder or requisition line
FMBELNRFMCHAR 10FM document numberFMIFIITJoin to FMIFIHD
KNBELNRFMCHAR 10FI document number on the FM lineFMIFIITJoin to BKPF
KNGJAHRFMNUMC 4FI fiscal year on the FM lineFMIFIITJoin to BKPF
VREFBNFMCHAR 10Predecessor document numberFMIFIITOrder that the invoice consumed
VREFBTFMCHAR 3Predecessor document categoryFMIFIITType of consumed commitment
PAYFLGFMCHAR 1Payment conversion flagFMIFIITInvoice converted to paid status
KBLNRFMCHAR 10Earmarked funds document numberKBLK, KBLP, BSEGObligating document for non-order spending
BLPOSFMNUMC 3Earmarked funds document itemKBLP, KBLEObligating document line
BLTYPFMCHAR 3Earmarked funds document categoryKBLKReservation, precommitment, commitment
ERLKZFMCHAR 1Completion indicator for earmarked fundsKBLPClosed obligations
KOKRSCOCHAR 4Controlling areaTKA01, CSKS, COEPCost accounting scope
KOSTLCOCHAR 10Cost centerCSKS, BSEG, EKKNSLOA Cost Center Identifier (CA3)
KSTARCOCHAR 10Cost elementCSKA, COEP, COSPSLOA Cost Element Code (CA6)
AUFNRCOCHAR 12Order numberAUFK, BSEG, EKKN, AFIHSLOA Work Order Number (CA7)
AUARTCOCHAR 4Order typeAUFKOrder category
LSTARCOCHAR 6Activity typeCSLA, COEPSLOA Activity Identifier (CA5) in some programs
STAGRCOCHAR 6Statistical key figureCOEPRAllocation basis
OBJNRCOCHAR 22Object number: prefix plus key of cost center, order, WBSCOEP, COSP, JEST, AUFK, PRPSJoin key across CO, status, and settlement tables
WOGBTRCOCURR 15,2Amount in object currencyCOEPCost amount
WKGBTRCOCURR 15,2Amount in controlling area currencyCOEPCost amount
BEKNZCOCHAR 1Debit/credit indicator for COCOEP, COSPCost debit or credit
PAROBCOCHAR 22Partner objectCOEP, COSSSender or receiver of an allocation
PSPNRPSNUMC 8WBS element internal numberPRPS, PROJJoin key
POSIDPSCHAR 24WBS element external IDPRPSSLOA Project Identifier (CA4)
PSPIDPSCHAR 24Project definition external IDPROJSLOA Project Identifier (CA4)
PROJKPSNUMC 8WBS element on the FI line itemBSEGProject cost trace
PS_PSP_PNRPSNUMC 8WBS element on purchasing account assignmentEKKN, EBKNProject cost trace
BANFNMMCHAR 10Purchase requisition numberEBAN, EBKN, EKPOCommitment document
BNFPOMMNUMC 5Purchase requisition itemEBAN, EBKNCommitment document line
BSARTMMCHAR 4Purchasing document typeEBAN, EKKOOrder type: standard, MIPR, miscellaneous pay
FRGKZMMCHAR 1Release indicatorEBANApproval status
FRGZUMMCHAR 8Release statusEBAN, EKKOApproval steps completed
EBELNMMCHAR 10Purchasing document numberEKKO, EKPO, EKKN, EKBE, RSEG, MSEGObligating document
EBELPMMNUMC 5Purchasing document itemEKPO, EKKN, EKBEObligating document line
ZEKKNMMNUMC 2Account assignment sequence numberEKKN, EKBEFunding line on the order item
BEDATMMDATS 8Purchasing document dateEKKOObligation date
AEDATMMDATS 8Date created or last changedEKKO, EKPOObligation timing
EKORGMMCHAR 4Purchasing organizationEKKOBuying activity
EKGRPMMCHAR 3Purchasing groupEKKO, EBANBuyer or contracting office
KNTTPMMCHAR 1Account assignment categoryEKPO, EBANCost center, order, project, asset
PSTYPMMCHAR 1Item categoryEKPO, EBANStandard, service, limit
MATKLMMCHAR 9Material groupEKPO, EBAN, MARAObject class derivation in several DoD programs
NETPRMMCURR 11,2Net priceEKPOUnit price
NETWRMMCURR 15,2Net order valueEKPO, EKKNObligation amount
MENGEMMQUAN 13,3QuantityEKPO, EKBE, MSEG, RSEGThree-way match
MEINSMMUNIT 3Base unit of measureEKPO, MSEG, MARAThree-way match
ELIKZMMCHAR 1Delivery completed indicatorEKPOObligation ready for deobligation review
EREKZMMCHAR 1Final invoice indicatorEKPOObligation ready for deobligation review
LOEKZMMCHAR 1Deletion indicatorEKPO, EBANCancelled lines
WEPOSMMCHAR 1Goods receipt indicatorEKPOReceipt required
WEBREMMCHAR 1Goods-receipt-based invoice verificationEKPOInvoice matched to receipt
KONNRMMCHAR 10Outline agreement numberEKPOContract reference
VGABEMMCHAR 1Transaction type in order history: 1 goods receipt, 2 invoice receipt, 9 service entryEKBEReceipt and invoice trace
BEWTPMMCHAR 1Order history categoryEKBEReceipt and invoice trace
SAKTOMMCHAR 10G/L account on purchasing account assignmentEKKN, EBKNExpense or asset account for the obligation
LBLNIMMCHAR 10Service entry sheet numberESSR, EKBEAcceptance of services
PACKNOMMNUMC 10Service package numberESLL, ESSRService line detail
MBLNRMMCHAR 10Material document numberMKPF, MSEGReceipt or issue document
MJAHRMMNUMC 4Material document yearMKPF, MSEGReceipt or issue document
ZEILEMMNUMC 4Material document itemMSEGReceipt or issue document line
BWARTMMCHAR 3Movement type: 101 receipt for order, 201 issue to cost center, 261 issue to order, 301 transferMSEGKind of stock movement
SOBKZMMCHAR 1Special stock indicatorMSEG, MSKAProject, sales order, or vendor stock
MATNRMMCHAR 18Material numberMARA, MSEG, EKPONational stock number cross-reference
WERKSMMCHAR 4PlantT001W, MARC, MSEG, EKPOLocation
LGORTMMCHAR 4Storage locationMARD, MSEGLocation
CHARGMMCHAR 10BatchMCHB, MSEGLot
BWKEYMMCHAR 4Valuation areaMBEWValuation scope
BKLASMMCHAR 4Valuation classMBEWInventory G/L account determination
VPRSVMMCHAR 1Price control: S standard, V moving averageMBEWInventory valuation method
VERPRMMCURR 11,2Moving average priceMBEWInventory valuation
STPRSMMCURR 11,2Standard priceMBEWInventory valuation
LBKUMMMQUAN 13,3Total valuated stockMBEWInventory quantity
SALK3MMCURR 13,2Value of total valuated stockMBEWInventory value
LABSTMMQUAN 13,3Unrestricted-use stockMARDOn-hand quantity
RSNUMMMNUMC 10Reservation numberRKPF, RESBParts demand
SERNRMMCHAR 18Serial numberOBJK, EQUISerialized item tracking
VBELNSDCHAR 10Sales, delivery, or billing document numberVBAK, LIKP, VBRKCustomer order or bill
POSNRSDNUMC 6Sales document itemVBAP, LIPS, VBRPOrder line
VBTYPSDCHAR 1Sales document categoryVBAK, VBFAOrder, delivery, invoice, credit memo
FKARTSDCHAR 4Billing typeVBRKBill type
FKDATSDDATS 8Billing dateVBRKRevenue timing
BSTKDSDCHAR 35Customer purchase order numberVBKDCustomer funding document, such as a MIPR number
KNUMVSDCHAR 10Pricing document condition numberVBAK, VBRK, KONVPrice detail
VKORGSDCHAR 4Sales organizationVBAKSelling activity
EQUNRPMCHAR 18Equipment numberEQUI, AFIHEquipment item
TPLNRPMCHAR 30Functional locationIFLOTInstallation or facility structure
QMNUMPMCHAR 12Notification numberQMELFault report
ILARTPMCHAR 3Maintenance activity typeAFIHType of work
AUFPLPMNUMC 10Routing number of operations in the orderAFKO, AFVCJoin to operations
RUECKPMNUMC 10Confirmation numberAFRULabor confirmation
ISMNWPMQUAN 13,3Actual workAFVV, AFRULabor hours
PERNRHCMNUMC 8Personnel numberPA0001, CATSDBEmployee
CATSHOURSHCMQUAN 4,2Hours recorded on the time sheetCATSDBLabor distribution
AWARTHCMCHAR 4Attendance or absence typeCATSDBLabor category
SWENRRECHAR 8Business entity numberVIBDBEInstallation
SGENRRECHAR 8Building numberVIBDBUFacility
RECNNRRECHAR 13Real estate contract numberVICNCNLease or agreement
DOCNUMCANUMC 16IDoc numberEDIDC, EDID4, EDIDSInterface record key
MESTYPCACHAR 30Message typeEDIDCKind of interface message
IDOCTPCACHAR 30Basic IDoc typeEDIDCMessage structure
STATUSCACHAR 2IDoc statusEDIDC, EDIDSInterface success or failure
SNDPRNCACHAR 10Sender partner numberEDIDCSource system
RCVPRNCACHAR 10Receiver partner numberEDIDCTarget system
OBJECTCLASCACHAR 15Change document object classCDHDR, CDPOSWhat kind of object changed
OBJECTIDCACHAR 90Change document object valueCDHDR, CDPOSWhich record changed
CHANGENRCACHAR 10Change document numberCDHDR, CDPOSChange event
FNAMECACHAR 30Field changedCDPOSChanged field
VALUE_OLDCACHAR 254Old valueCDPOSBefore value
VALUE_NEWCACHAR 254New valueCDPOSAfter value
UDATECADATS 8Change dateCDHDRWhen it changed
USERNAMECACHAR 12User who made the changeCDHDRWho changed it
STATCACHAR 5Object statusJESTReleased, technically complete, closed
BNAMEBCCHAR 12User name in the user masterUSR02Access review
AGR_NAMEBCCHAR 30Role nameAGR_USERS, AGR_1251Access review
TRKORRBCCHAR 20Transport request numberE070, E071Change management
PARTNERCACHAR 10Business partner numberBUT000Vendor and customer identity in S/4HANA

In S/4HANA the material number can be up to 40 characters and amount fields up to 23 digits. Program-specific customer fields, usually prefixed ZZ, are not listed.

3. Value lists worth memorizing

Table SD-2Reference procedure (AWTYP) values on the accounting document header
ValueSource objectKey in `AWKEY`Where to read the source
BKPFDirect FI postingDocument number, company code, fiscal yearThe document itself
MKPFMaterial documentMaterial document number and yearMKPF, MSEG
RMRPLogistics invoiceInvoice number and fiscal yearRBKP, RSEG
VBRKBilling documentBilling document numberVBRK, VBRP
AMDP, AMBU, ANLAAsset depreciation run, asset posting, asset transactionAsset document referenceANEK, ANEP, ANLP
COBKControlling document through real-time integrationCO document numberCOBK, COEP
AUAKSettlement documentSettlement document numberSettlement tables and the sender object
PRCHGMaterial price changePrice change documentMaterial ledger documents
IDOCPosting created from an IDocIDoc numberEDIDC, EDID4
BKPFFPosting through the accounting BAPI or interfaceReference key supplied by the senderSending system and interface log
HRPAYPayroll postingPosting run referencePayroll posting documents

Values are standard reference procedures. Which ones a program uses depends on its interfaces and configuration.

Table SD-3Document status and indicator values
FieldValueMeaning
BKPF-BSTATblankNormal posted document
BKPF-BSTATVParked document
BKPF-BSTATWParked document, saved as complete
BKPF-BSTATZParked document that was deleted
BKPF-BSTATSNoted item
BKPF-BSTATDRecurring entry document
BKPF-BSTATLPosting to non-leading ledgers only
BSEG-SHKZGS / HDebit (Soll) / credit (Haben)
BSEG-KOARTS, K, D, A, MG/L, vendor, customer, asset, material
EKKO-BSTYPF, K, L, APurchase order, contract, scheduling agreement, request for quotation
EKBE-VGABE1, 2, 3, 4, 9Goods receipt, invoice receipt, subsequent debit or credit, down payment, service entry
EKPO-KNTTPK, P, F, A, UCost center, project, order, asset, unknown
EBAN-STATUN, B, ANot edited, purchase order created, request for quotation created
VBAK-VBTYPC, J, M, O, K, LOrder, delivery, invoice, credit memo, credit memo request, debit memo request
JEST-STATI0001, I0002, I0045, I0046Created, released, technically completed, closed

Sources

  1. SFIS SLOA Validation Service Functional Description Document v1.2.4
  2. DoD FMR Volume 1, Chapter 4: Standard Financial Information Structure
  3. Treasury: GTAS bulk file format, fiscal year 2026
  4. Table reference: FMIFIIT

Educational reference. Standard product tables and public sources only. Not an official DoD, DFAS, SAP, or Oracle publication.